The 58th Transportation Battalion was originally formed as 2nd Battalion, 27th Quartermaster Regiment at Camp Shelby, Mississippi in July 1942 and activated at Camp Rucker (now named Fort Novosel) in Alabama on 25 July 1942. Reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD), 2nd Battalion 27th Quartermaster Battalion, Mobile in October 1943, it would take part in three World War II campaigns under that designation before being inactivated on 1 October 1945 in Italy.
In August of the following year, the unit would be converted to HHD, 58th Transportation Corps Truck Battalion, a designation it would retain for nearly twenty years. It was redesignated as HHD, 58th Transportation Battalion and activated at Fort Benning (renamed Fort Moore in May 2023) on 15 November 1965, and would go on to serve in fifteen of the seventeen named campaigns in the Vietnam War. Besides those extensive battle honors, the Battalion was also honored with Meritorious Unit commendations for its service between 1966 and 1871, and was awarded a Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm and a Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class.
After being inactivated again in April 1972, it was reactivated in July 1986 to assume training missions at Fort Leonard Wood, where it is currently stationed. In April 2022, the 58th Transportation Battalion held a ceremony in Nutter Field House to denote the unit's shift from assignment to the 2nd Transportation Brigade, 94th Training Division to serving directly under its proponent, the U.S. Army Transportation School, which falls under the U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command (CASCOM).